The National Student Research Center
E-Journal of Student Research: Social Studies
Volume 3, Number 1, March, 1995


The National Student Research Center is dedicated to promoting student research and the use of the scientific method in all subject areas across the curriculum especially science and math.

For more information contact:

John I. Swang, Ph.D.
Founder/Director
National Student Research Center
2024 Livingston Street
Mandeville, Louisiana 70448
U.S.A.
E-Mail: nsrcmms@communique.net
http://youth.net/nsrc/nsrc.html

THE E-DATABASE OF STUDENT RESEARCH is made possible through grants provided by the United States Department of Education, South Central Bell Telephone, American Petroleum Institute, Intertel Foundation, Springhouse Publishing Corporation, Graham Resources, Inc., Chevron Oil Company, Central Louisiana Electric Company, Louisiana State Department of Educaton, and National Science Foundation. Mandeville Middle School and the National Student Research Center thank these organizations for their generous support of education.




TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.  Student Knowledge of Deforestation
2.  Student Knowledge of Heavenly Bodies
3.  Student Knowledge of the Moon
4.  Student Feelings About Drug Use
5.  Student Opinions About Changing Schools
6.  A Survey of Student Collections
7.  Student Opinions About T.V. Violence
8.  Student Knowledge About Endangered Species
  


TITLE:  Student Knowledge of Deforestation

STUDENT RESEARCHER: Courtney Lowe
SCHOOL:  Mandeville Middle School
         Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE:  6
TEACHER:  John I. Swang, Ph.D.



I.  STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:

I want to find out what students know and how they feel about 
deforestation.  Deforestation is the disappearing of forests 
due mostly to the cutting down of trees.  My hypothesis states 
that 50% of the responses to the factual questions on my 
questionnaire will be correct.

II.  METHODOLOGY:

First, I developed a statement of purpose or research idea and 
conducted a review of literature on deforestation.  From this, 
I developed a methodology to test my hypothesis.  Next, I 
constructed a questionnaire from my review of literature.  
After that I drew a random sample of twelve sixth grade 
students at MMS.  When returned, I scored my questionnaires and 
recorded my data on a data collection sheet.  I then conducted 
my analysis of data and wrote a summary and conclusion where I 
accepted or rejected my hypothesis.  Finally, I applied my 
findings to the world outside of the classroom and published my 
research.

III.  ANALYSIS OF DATA:

I sent out twelve questionnaires to a random sample of sixth 
grade students at Mandeville Middle School and got them all 
back.  A majority of ten students agreed that trees have as 
much right to live as people do.  A majority of eight students 
agree that houses should be built of materials other than wood. 
A majority of eleven students agree that we should stop 
destroying our forests.  A majority of eleven students 
correctly said that most of the tropical forests in the world 
will disappear in the next ten to fifteen years. A majority of 
the students know that the use of wood and wood products, the 
need for fuel, and forest fires are three causes of 
deforestation.  A majority of nine students correctly said that 
deforestation causes nutrients in the soil to be washed away 
turning fertile land into semidesert. A majority of seven 
students correctly said that the loss of habitat, erosion, and 
climate changes are three consequences of deforestation.  No 
one knew that 48% of the earth's plant species occur in or 
around forests areas.  A majority of nine students correctly 
said that, in the next twenty years, one fourth of the plant 
species that live in forests will be lost due to deforestation.  
A majority of seven students were sad, two students were OK and 
three students had no feelings at all about seeing trees in a 
forest being cut down.  A majority of seven students correctly 
said that deforestation contributes to global warming.  A 
majority of eight students correctly said that forests are 
being destroyed at the fast rate of 150,000 sq. kilometers per 
year.  All of the students correctly said that forests are 
being destroyed faster than they can be renewed.  A majority of 
eleven students knew that trees produce a great deal of the 
oxygen we breath.

IV.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

After analyzing my data, I found that 72% of the answers to the 
factual questions on my questionnaire were correct. Therefore I 
reject my hypothesis which stated that 50% of the responses to 
the factual questions on my deforestation questionnaire would 
be correct.  Students knew more about deforestation then I 
first believed.

V.  APPLICATION:

I can apply my findings to the world outside of the classroom 
by telling students to work to stop deforestation.  We know 
enough about it, so we should follow our instincts to stop 
deforestation.  I will write to my state and national 
legislators and tell them what students at MMS think about 
deforestation.  Hopefully, this information will help them make 
decisions to stop deforestation.



TITLE:  Student Knowledge of Heavenly Bodies

STUDENT RESEARCHER:  Teresa Kloepfer
SCHOOL:  Mandeville Middle School
         Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE:  6
TEACHER:  John I. Swang, Ph.D.



I.  STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:

I would like to find out what students know about comets, 
asteroids, meteors, and meteorites.  I also want to find out if 
students know what will happen when one of these heavenly 
bodies hit the Earth.  Comets are chunks of ice and dust that 
orbit the sun.  Asteroids are miniature planets orbiting the 
sun in the asteroid belt.  A meteor is what we call a shooting 
star.  A meteorite is large mass of stone or metal that has 
fallen to the Earth.  My hypothesis states that 40% of the 
responses to the factual questions on my questionnaire about 
comets, asteroids, meteors, and meteorites will be answered 
correctly.

II.  METHODOLOGY:

First, I stated my purpose, reviewed the literature about 
heavenly bodies, and developed a hypothesis.  Then I developed 
a questionnaire, drew a random sample of twelve 6th grade 
students at MMS, and distributed the questionnaire to them.  I 
also sent it out on the NSRC's Electronic School District to a 
non-random sample of students around the world.  When I got the 
questionnaires back I scored them and recorded my data on a 
data collection sheet.  Then I analyzed my data with 
statistics, charts, and graphs.  Then I wrote my summary and 
conclusion where I accepted or rejected my hypothesis. After 
that I applied my finding to the world outside the classroom.  
Finally, I turned in my complete report to be published in the 
NSRC journal of student research.

III.  ANALYSIS OF DATA:

I handed out twelve questionnaires to a random sample of grade 
students at MMS.  Eleven were returned.  I also sent my 
questionnaire out on the Electronic School District to students 
around the world.  I received 77 responses from students in 
grades 3 through 12.  Students lived in Canada, Israel, Rhode 
Island, New York, Montana, and Minnesota.

A majority of 45 students did not know that a comet is made out 
of ice and dust.  A majority of 57 students did not know that 
comet can have three types of tails.  One type is with a long 
crest and curve, another is straight and fibrous, and the third 
type is both of them put together.  A majority of 57 students 
did not know that most of the matter in a comet is concentrated 
on it's nucleus.  A majority of 57 did not think that a large 
comet or asteroid hitting the Earth would not cause a 
devastating affect.  A majority of 50 students said that they 
would use a nuclear weapon to blow up a comet or an asteroid 
that threatens to hit the Earth.  A majority of 57 students 
knew that comets rarely strike the Earth.  A majority of 46 
students did not know that an asteroid is a burnt out comet.  A 
majority of 46 students did not know that the Apollo asteroid 
intersects the Earth's orbit.  A majority of 56 students said 
that they were not worried about a comet or an asteroid hitting 
the Earth and destroying it.  A majority of 52 students said 
that they would pray if they knew that a large comet or 
asteroid was about to hit the Earth.  A majority of 54 students 
knew that when a meteorite hit the Earth it can make craters 
big enough to hold lakes.  A majority of 46 students did not 
know that a comet is our biggest threat to extinction if it 
hits the Earth.  A majority of 46 thought that the dinosaurs 
became extinct because a huge comet hit the Earth and threw 
enough dust in the air to block out the sun for a long period 
of time.  Twenty-one students thought that human beings could 
extinct if a large heavenly body were to strike the Earth.

IV.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

Since 47% of the responses to factual questions on my 
questionnaire were answered correctly, I can reject my 
hypothesis which stated that 40% of the responses to the 
factual questions on my questionnaire about comets, asteroids, 
meteors, and meteorites will be answered correctly.  The 
students knew slightly more than I predicted.  The majority of 
the responses were still incorrect.

V.  APPLICATION:

I will apply my findings to the world outside the classroom by 
writing a note to the Congress about how we could prevent a 
comet hitting the Earth by blowing it up with a nuclear weapon.  
I would also tell the Congress about how students would feel 
when they find out a large comet or asteroid is about to hit 
the Earth.



TITLE:  Student Knowledge of the Moon

STUDENT RESEARCHERS:  Mr. Carbone's Science Class
SCHOOL:  North Stratfield School
         Fairfield, Connecticut
GRADE:   4
TEACHER:  Mr. V. Carbone




I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:

We want to find out what students know about the moon.  Our 
hypothesis states that a majority of students will get 5 out of 
11 questions correct from our questionnaire.  

II. METHODOLOGY:

First of all, we researched the topic - the moon.  Next, we 
developed a questionnaire from our research.  We passed out the 
questionnaire to students in our school.  We also sent our 
questionnaire on the Internet for students to answer.  We then 
got our questionnaires back and scored them.  Finally, we 
analyzed the data and wrote our summary and conclusion.

III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:

We had students answer our questionnaire from Connecticut, 
Arizona, Illinois, Pennsylvania and Utah.  The majority of 
students knew that the moon had a crust, mantle, and core.  
Most of the students did not know that an astronaut can not see 
stars from anywhere on the moon.  The sun is so bright that the 
astronauts could not see the stars during the lunar day.  Most 
everyone knew that Neil Armstrong was the first astronaut to 
walk on the moon.  Only one student knew the date the first 
astronauts landed on the moon - July 20, 1969. The majority of 
students did not know that 49 moons could fit inside of the 
earth.  Only two students knew the approximate age of the moon 
at 4.5 billion years old.  Only two knew that James Irwin and 
David Scott found the famous old rock called the "Genesis 
rock."  Three students knew that Eugene Cernan walked on the 
moon the longest.  Four students knew that James Irwin was the 
eighth person to walk on the moon.  No one could name all the 
astronauts that walked on the moon. (Armstrong, Aldrin, Conrad, 
Bean, Shepard, Mitchell, Scott, Irwin, Young, Duke, Schmitt, 
and Cernan.)  A majority of students knew that the craters on 
the moon were formed by meteoroid impact. 

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

We reject our hypothesis.  A majority of the students did not 
know the answers to our questions.  They only knew three of our 
questions as a majority.

V. APPLICATION TO LIFE:

Teachers may need to teach the moon as a subject.  If people 
are going to some day live on a lunar base, they need to know 
more about it.



TITLE:  Student Feelings About Drug Use

STUDENT RESEARCHER:  Jonathan Landry
SCHOOL:  Mandeville Middle 
         Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE:  6
TEACHER:  E. Marino, M.Ed. 



I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:

I wanted to do a scientific research project on how students at 
M.M.S. feel about drug use.  My hypothesis states that at least 
sixty percent of the sixth grade students at M.M.S. will feel 
they have enough information about drug use to make an 
intelligent decision.

II. METHODOLOGY:

First, I stated my purpose.  Then I did my review of literature 
about drugs and drug abuse.  Next, I developed my hypothesis.  
After that I developed a questionnaire.  Then I drew a random 
sample of 13 sixth graders at M.M.S.  Next, I administered and 
scored the questionnaire.  After that I analyzed my data and 
wrote my summary and conclusion.  Finally, I applied my 
findings to the real world outside the classroom.

III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:

I sent out 13 questionnaires and all of them were returned.  
Out of 13 students, everyone participated in the D.A.R.E. 
program and everyone had enough information to make a decision 
about drug use.  Ten students knew that D.A.R.E. stood for Drug 
Abuse Resistance Education.  Eleven out of 13 students knew 
what a drug was.  Eleven students knew what peer pressure was.  
Everyone knew that marijuana can hurt you more than cigarettes.  
When given this situation - You go to a party with your friends 
and they ask you if you want to drink some beer. What do you 
do? - 5 students said they would say no thanks, 7 students said 
they would leave the party, and one said they would just sit 
there.  Given another situation - Claudia likes a boy named 
Randy. One morning he brings a small hand gun to school and 
asks her to hold it, but she knows that guns aren't allowed at 
school.  She wants Randy to like her. What should she do? - One 
student said they would hold the gun, 2 students said they 
would tell someone, and 9 students said they would tell someone 
and walk off.  Twelve students agree that the best way to not 
use drugs is to just say no.  Twelve students agreed that there 
are too many kids our age doing drugs.  When asked what another 
word for taking a chance is everyone knew that the word was 
risk.

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

All 13 students participated in D.A.R.E. and everyone had 
enough information to make an intelligent decision about drug 
use.  Therefore I accepted my hypothesis which stated that at 
least sixty percent of the sixth grade students at M.M.S. will 
feel they have enough information about drug use to make an 
intelligent decision about drug use.

V. APPLICATION:

Now that I know this information, I can share it with the 
D.A.R.E. officers and my principal so they can keep the 
D.A.R.E. program going at my school.



TITLE:  Students Opinions About Changing Schools

STUDENT RESEARCH:  Teresa Kloepfer
SCHOOL:  Mandeville Middle 
         Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE:  6
TEACHER:  E. Marino, M.Ed.



I.  Statement Of Purpose and Hypothesis:

Recently, half the students at Mandeville Middle School (MMS) 
were sent to a new school named Chinchuba Middle School (CMS).  
Many school friends were separated in the process.  I wanted to 
know if six grade students at MMS made new friends and\or kept 
in touch with their friends at CMS.  I also wanted to know if 
they miss their friends at CMS.  My hypothesis stated that the 
majority of six grade students at MMS have kept in touch with 
their friends that moved to CMS.

II.  Methodology:

First, I stated my purpose, reviewed the literature, and 
developed a hypothesis.  Then I developed a questionnaire, drew 
a random sample, and administered my questionnaire to a 
randomly chosen group of sixth grade students at MMS.  When I 
got the questionnaires back I scored them, analyzed my data, 
and then I wrote my summary and conclusion.  After that I 
applied my findings to the world outside the classroom.  
Finally, I published an abstract of my complete report.

III.  Analysis of Data:

I handed out 13 questionnaires and received 11 back.  Two 
students said that none of their close friends went to CMS so I 
randomly gave their questionnaire to students who had friends 
that went to CMS.  A majority of 8 students said that their 
close friends have kept in touch with them by sporting events, 
phone, letters, getting together, sleep overs, and 
unexpectedly.  A majority of 8 students also said that they see 
or hear from their friends at CMS a couple times a month.  Four 
students said they wanted to keep in touch, but they didn't 
have the time.  All of the students I interviewed have made new 
friends.  Only one student liked the idea of their friend going 
to CMS.  Some activities students suggested to bring all the 
sixth graders together are: parties, sports activities, field 
trips, combined chorus, special school days, and trips.

IV.  Summary and Conclusion:

The majority of sixth grade students at MMS have kept in touch 
with their friends that go to CMS.  Therefore, I accept my 
hypothesis which stated that the majority of sixth grade 
students at MMS have kept in touch with their friends at CMS.

V.  Application:

I can apply my findings to the world outside the classroom by 
telling the principals of both schools how the sixth grade 
students feel and some ways the sixth graders from both schools 
could get together.         



TITLE:  A Survey of Student Collections  

STUDENT RESEARCHER:  Casey Blanchette
SCHOOL:  Mandeville Middle School
         Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE:  6
TEACHER:  Ellen Marino, M.Ed.



I.  STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:

I want to find out what percentage of sixth grade students at 
Mandeville Middle School actually have collections of their 
own.  My hypothesis states that at least 50% of sixth grade 
students at Mandeville Middle School will have collections of 
their own.

II.  METHODOLOGY:

First, I stated my purpose, did a review of literature on 
hobbies, and developed my hypothesis.  Then I developed a 
questionnaire, drew a random sample of 13 sixth grade students 
at Mandeville Middle School, and administered the 
questionnaires.  I then scored the questionnaires when they 
were returned.  Finally, I analyzed the data, wrote a summary 
and conclusion, and applied my findings to the real world.

III.  ANALYSIS OF DATA:

I handed out 13 surveys and 11 were returned.  Ten out of 11 
students are interested in collecting, have collections of 
their own, and have friends that have collections.  Nine 
students agreed that collecting is a good hobby and a fun way 
to pass your time.  All of the students agreed that you can 
learn many things from collecting.  Only 4 out of 11 students, 
knew that a coin collector is a numismatic, but everyone knew 
that there are more types of collections than coins and sports 
cards.  Types of collections that students listed, cups, rocks, 
money, comic books, autographs, pencils, pins, erasers, cards, 
sports cards, autographed baseballs, and pictures.  Students 
stated that the most popular types of collections include, 
bottle tops, stamps, coins, cards, sports cards, and baseballs.  

IV.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

Out of eleven questionnaires, about 90% of sixth grade students 
said that they had a collection of their own.  Therefore I 
accept my hypothesis which stated that at least 50% of sixth 
grade students at Mandeville Middle School will have 
collections of their own.
 
V.  APPLICATION:

I would apply the results of this project by sharing this 
information with the school library.  I would tell them that 
the majority of sixth grade students at Mandeville Middle 
School are interested in collecting and have collections of 
their own.  Perhaps in the future, they could purchase more 
books on collecting.



TITLE:  Student Opinions About T.V. Violence

STUDENT RESEARCHER:  Richard Kaufmann
SCHOOL:  Mandeville Middle
         Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE:  6
TEACHER:  E. Marino, M.Ed.



I.  STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:

I wanted to do a scientific research project on what students 
think about TV violence.  My hypothesis states that a majority 
of sixth grade students at Mandeville Middle School will think 
that there is too much violence on TV.

II.  METHODOLOGY:

First, I stated my purpose, reviewed the literature on violence 
in the entertainment media, and developed my hypothesis.  Then 
I developed a methodology to test my hypothesis.  Next I 
developed my questionnaire.  Then I drew a random sample of the 
13 sixth grade students at Mandeville Middle School.  After 
administering the questionnaires, I scored them and analyzed my 
data, wrote a summary and conclusion, and applied my findings 
to the real world.

III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:

Eleven of the thirteen surveys were returned.  Eight students 
watched more than ten hours of TV a week.  A majority of the 
students agreed that the amount of violence on TV affects a 
person's attitude.  Only four students thought that their 
parents didn't care about the amount of violence on TV.  Ten 
students agreed that video games being rated helped them 
determine the amount of violence in the game.  Only three 
students thought that they modeled somebody on TV.  A majority 
of the students said that there is too much violence on TV.  
Eight students believed that the video game Mortal Kombat II 
was violent, three said Power Rangers and Super Punchout were 
violent, and one said Bubsy was.  A majority of students 
thought that, of all the TV they watched during the week, only 
five hours of it contained violent shows.

IV.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

The majority of students feel that there is too much violence 
on TV.  I therefore accept my hypothesis which stated that the 
majority of sixth grade students at Mandeville Middle School 
would think there is too much violence on TV.

V.  APPLICATION:

I can share my findings with parents so they can use this 
information to monitor the amount of violence their children 
watch on TV. 



TITLE:  Endangered Species

STUDENT RESEARCHER:  Nickie Buehring
SCHOOL:  Mandeville Middle
	   Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE:  6
TEACHER:  E. Marino, M.Ed.



I.  STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:

I wanted to do a science research project on what 6th graders 
know about endangered species in the southeast region of the 
U.S.  My hypothesis stated that the majority of 6th grade 
students at Mandeville Middle School that I survey will 
correctly answer half the factual questions about endangered 
species in the southeast region.

II.  METHODOLOGY:

I stated my purpose and wrote my review of literature about 
endangered species.  Then I developed my hypothesis.  Next, I 
developed a questionnaire and drew a random sample of the 
thirteen 6th graders at Mandeville Middle School.  I 
administered my questionnaires and scored them when returned.  
The I analyzed my data and wrote a summary and conclusion.  I 
applied my findings to the real world, outside of the 
classroom.  Finally, I published my complete report.

III.  ANALYSIS:

I sent out thirteen questionnaires and all thirteen were 
returned.  All but one student knew that the Federal Government 
has a list of endangered species. Only three out of thirteen 
knew that fifty-five acres of wetlands are being destroyed each 
hour.  A majority of nine students thought that people were the 
cause of animals becoming endangered.  Ten thought that most 
people are trying to protect animals in Louisiana.  But 
according to Environmental Atlas, people in the state of 
Louisiana do not do enough.  Eight students did not know that 
eighty percent of the original wetlands in the United States 
are gone.  Eight students feel that the Federal Government is 
doing a good job protecting endangered species.  In order to 
protect endangered species, six students felt that people 
should stop killing them, three students said to recycle and 
stop polluting, and one thought that we should set up reserves 
for the animals.  A majority of seven do not do anything to 
protect endangered species at this time.

IV.  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

Only one factual question, out of four, about endangered 
species was answered correctly by a majority of the students I 
surveyed.  I therefore accept my hypothesis which stated the 
majority of 6th grade students at Mandeville Middle School will 
correctly answer half the factual questions about endangered 
species in the southeast region.

V.  APPLICATION:

I will share my findings with my friends, family, teachers, 
naturalists, Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries, the Zoo, and the 
Aquarium.  Students need to know more about endangered species 
if we are to save them.

© 1995 John I. Swang, Ph.D.