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TABLE OF CONTENT
1. The Dispersion Time of Liquids In Water of Different
Temperatures
2. Which Cigarette Brand Has the Most Tar In It?
3. How Much Taller Is A Fourth Grader Than A First Grader?
4. Which Metal Conducts Electricity The Best?
5. What Effect Does Air Pressure Have On the Bounce of
Basketball?
6. The Prevention of Oxidation
7. The Release of Carbon Dioxide From Carbonated Drinks
TITLE: The Dispersion Time of Liquids in Water of Differen
Temperatures.
STUDENT RESEARCHER: Courtney Lowe
SCHOOL: Mandeville Middle School
Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE: 6
TEACHER: John I. Swang, Ph.D.
I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:
I want to know what effect temperature has on the rate of
dispersion of one liquid in another. Dispersion is to spread
in different directions. My hypothesis states that heat will
increase the rate of dispersion.
II. METHODOLOGY:
First, I wrote my statement of purpose and conducted a review
of literature on dispersion, liquid, and Brownian Motion. From
this I developed a hypothesis. Next, I wrote a methodology to
test my hypothesis.
My variables held constant are the amount of water used for
each trial, the food coloring, placement of dye in water, the
temperature of the hot water (95 degrees Celcius), the
temperature of the cold water (5 degrees Celcius), and the size
of the cup. My manipulative variable is the temperature of the
water. My responding variable is how fast the food coloring
disperses throughout the liquid.
Next, I got out a measuring cup, ten clear containers, blue
food coloring, an eyedropper, thermometer, and my data
collection sheet. Next, I put 375 ml. of water in the freezer
and cooled it to five degrees Celcius. After that I put 375
ml. of water in a pot on the stove. I heated it until it
reached 95 degrees Celcius.
Then I used the measuring cup to measure out 75 ml. of cold
water in a cup. Once this was done, I took the water and put a
drop of food coloring in it. I set the food dye carefully in
the cup just above the water. I began timing the instant the
food dye touched the water. When I saw that the dye had
dispersed throughout the water I stopped the watch. I recorded
the time on a data collection sheet. I repeated this process
four more times with the cold water and five more times with
the hot water. Then I analyzed my data with simple statistics,
charts, and graphs. Then I wrote my summary and conclusion
where I accepted or rejected my hypothesis. Finally, I applied
my findings to the world outside of my classroom and published
my research.
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
In trial 1, for hot water, it took 30 seconds for the food dye
to disperse throughout the water. In trial 2, it took 39
seconds to disperse. In trial 3, it took 35 seconds to
disperse. In trial 4, it took 21 seconds to disperse. In
trial 5, it took 31 seconds to disperse.
In trial 1, for cold water, it took 5 minutes 13 seconds for
the food dye to disperse throughout the water. In trial 2, it
took 5 minutes 13 seconds to disperse. In trial 3, it took 5
minutes 10 seconds. In trial 4, it took 5 minutes 6 seconds.
In trial 5, it took 5 minutes 21 seconds.
It took an average of 31 seconds to for the food dye to
disperse throughout the hot water. It took an average of 5
minutes 13 seconds for the food dye to disperse throughout the
cold water.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
After analyzing my data, I found that heat did increase the
Brownian Motion of the water molecules and the rate of the food
dye's dispersion in the water. I therefore accept my
hypothesis which stated that heat would increase the rate of
dispersion.
V. APPLICATION:
I can apply my findings to the world outside of the classroom
by telling people that, if you want a substance to mix quickly
in a liquid, the liquid should be heated.
TITLE: Which Cigarette Brand Has The Most Tar In It?
STUDENT RESEARCHER: Ricky Hill
SCHOOL: Mandeville Middle School
Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE: 6
TEACHER: John I. Swang, Ph.D.
I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:
I wanted to find out which cigarette brand has the most tar in
it. The tar in a cigarette is what determines the
unhealthiness in a cigarette. Cigarette smoking is the
inhalation and exhalation of the fumes of burning tobacco. My
hypothesis states that a Camel unfiltered cigarette will have
the most tar in it.
II. METHODOLOGY:
First, I wrote my statement of purpose. Then I conducted a
review of literature. After that I developed a methodology
which enabled me to test my hypothesis. Next, I gathered my
materials. Then I made my data collection sheet and began my
experiment.
My variables held constant were the size of the cotton balls,
number of squeezes from the squeeze bottle which smoked the
cigarette, and how long the cigarettes were lit. My
manipulated variable was the kind of cigarettes, filtered or
unfiltered. My responding variable was the amount of tar on
the cotton balls attached to the squeeze bottle.
The first thing I did was to assemble the squeeze bottle with
the nozzle. The squeeze bottle is a plastic cylinder shaped
bottle which you squeeze in order to smoke the cigarettes.
After doing that I put cotton balls into the smoking device to
filter out the tars in the cigarette smoke. The darker the
cotton ball, the more tar there was in the cigarette smoke.
Next, I put one of the cigarettes in the nozzle and gave three
squeezes on the squeeze bottle to draw smoke through the cotton
ball. I did the same procedure for five different cigarette
brands. I repeated the procedure for two more trials and
recorded the data from all three trials on my data collection
sheet. I ranked the darkness of the cotton balls from one
(darkest) to six (least dark). Then I averaged the data.
After completing my experiment, I conducted an analysis of data
and wrote my summary and conclusion where I accepted or
rejected my hypothesis. Finally, I applied my findings to
everyday life and published the research project in a journal.
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
I found out after completing three trials and averaging them
out that Lucky Strike unfiltered cigarettes have the most tar,
Basic unfiltered cigarettes have the second most amount of tar,
Camel unfiltered cigarettes have the third most amount of tar,
Harley Davidson filtered cigarettes have the third least amount
of tar, Kool filtered cigarettes have the second least amount
of tar, and More Lights filtered cigarettes have the least
amount of tar.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
My data indicated that Lucky Strike unfiltered cigarettes have
the most tar in them. Therefore I reject my hypothesis which
stated that Camel unfiltered would have the most tar in it.
V. APPLICATION:
I can apply my findings to everyday life by telling addicted
smokers to smoke filtered cigarettes instead of unfiltered
cigarettes. Even though unfiltered cigarettes may taste
better, they allow more tar to enter the lungs and give smokers
a greater chance of getting lung cancer or chronic bronchitis.
TITLE: How Much Taller Is A Fourth Grader Over A First Grader?
STUDENT RESEARCHERS: Mr. Carbone's Math class
SCHOOL: North Stratfield School
Fairfield, Connecticut
GRADE: 4
TEACHER: Mr. V. Carbone M. Ed.
I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:
We want to find out how much taller a fourth grader is than a
first grader. Our hypothesis states that the average fourth
grader will be a foot and a half taller than the average first
grader.
II. METHODOLOGY:
1. We will measure the height of the fourth graders and then
take an average. 2. We will measure the height of the first
grader and then take an average. 3. We will compare the
average of the fourth and first grade.
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
Average Height
Fourth grader: 53.8"
First grader: 46.0"
The difference between the fourth and first graders in height
is 7.8"
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
We reject our hypothesis. We thought the average height
difference between a fourth and first grader was going to be a
foot and a half. Instead the
difference was only 7.8 inches.
V. APPLICATION TO LIFE:
A first grader might want to know this information. They can
estimate how tall they will be in a few years. A doctor's
office can use this information. They can use it to find out
if their patients, who are in fourth or first grade, are too
tall or too small.
TITLE: Which Metal Conducts Electricity The Best?
STUDENT RESEARCHER: Justin Moree
SCHOOL: Mandeville Middle School
Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE: 6
TEACHER: John I. Swang, Ph.D.
I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:
I want to find out which metal conducts electricity the best.
Conductivity refers to the ease which electricity moves through
a wire. Resistance is the amount a wire resists the flow of
electricity. Ohms are used to measure resistance. My
hypothesis states that copper will conduct electricity the
best.
II. METHODOLOGY:
First, I wrote my statement of purpose. Then I wrote a review
of literature on electricity, resistance, conductivity, and
ohms. Then I developed my hypothesis. Next, I took an Ohm
Meter and applied an electrical current to a two foot, 18 gauge
piece of copper wire and an two foot 18 gauge piece of aluminum
wire and measured the amount of resistance in both. I then
recorded my findings on a data collection sheet. I repeated
this procedure six times.
The variables that were held constant were how long the wires
were, how much electricity was applied, and what gauge the
wires were. The manipulated variable was the different types
of metal wire. The responding variable was the amount of
resistance in each wire.
Next, I analyzed my data with simple statistics, charts, and
graphs. Then I wrote the summary and conclusion where I
rejected or accepted my Hypothesis. Next, I applied my
findings to the world outside my classroom. Finally, I
published my findings.
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
In trial one, I measured .04 ohms of resistance to the flow of
electricity in the copper wire. I measured .06 ohms of
resistance to the flow of electricity in the aluminum wire.
In trial two, I measured .04 ohms of resistance to the flow of
electricity in the copper wire. I measured .06 ohms of
resistance to the flow of electricity in the aluminum wire.
In trial three, I measured .04 ohms of resistance to the flow
of electricity in the copper wire. I measured .06 ohms of
resistance to the flow of electricity in aluminum wire.
In trial four, I measured .04 ohms of resistance to the flow of
electricity in the copper wire. I measured .06 ohms of
resistance to the flow of electricity in the aluminum wire.
In trial five, .04 ohms of resistance to the flow of
electricity in the copper wire. I measured .06 ohms of
resistance to the flow of electricity in the aluminum wire.
In trial six, .04 ohms of resistance to the flow of electricity
with the copper wire. I measured .05 ohms of resistance to the
flow of electricity in the aluminum wire.
There was an average of .04 ohms of resistance to the flow of
electricity in the copper wire and an average of .06 ohms of
resistance to the flow of electricity in the aluminum wire.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, there was less resistance to the flow of
electricity in the copper wire. Therefore, I accept my
hypothesis which stated that copper will conduct electricity
the best.
V. APPLICATION:
I now know that copper wire would be better to wire a house
with because it conducts electricity better. Aluminum would be
better in a heater because it has more resistance. Resistance
causes friction which causes heat.
TITLE: What Effect Does Air Pressure Have on a Basketball?
STUDENT RESEARCHER: Jeff Carollo
SCHOOL: Mandeville Middle School
Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE: 6
TEACHER: Ellen Marino, M.Ed.
I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:
I wanted to know the right amount of air to put in a basketball
for the highest bounce when dropped from 1 meter. My
hypothesis states that when the basketball is inflated to 5.5
p.s.i. it will achieve the greatest bounce.
II. METHODOLOGY:
First, I stated my purpose, reviewed the literature, and
developed my hypothesis. Then I devised a methodology to test
my hypothesis and a data collection form on which to record my
data. Next, I used a pump and needle to put air into the ball.
Then I measured the pressure with the pressure gauge. I did
this until I got 5.5 p.s.i.. Then my helper held the meter
stick straight up from the ground. Then I held the ball's
bottom at the top of the meter stick. The ball was dropped and
I recorded where the bottom of the ball reached its highest
mark on the meter stick as it bounced back up. I repeated this
two more times. Next, I filled the ball to 4 p.s.i. and
repeated the procedure, and then repeated the procedure at 2.5
p.s.i.. Finally, I averaged the three bounces for each of the
three weights of air pressure. I analyzed the data, wrote the
summary and conclusion, and applied my results to the real
world. I turned in my complete report and abstract for
publication.
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
On trial one, the ball inflated to 5.5 p.s.i. bounced 43 cm.
On trial two, it bounced 44 cm. On trial three, it bounced 44
cm. It bounced an average of 43 cm.
On trial one, the ball inflated to 4.0 p.s.i. bounced 19 cm.
On trial two, it bounced 22 cm. On trial three, it bounced 23
cm. It bounced an average of 21.33 cm.
On trial one, the ball inflated to 2.5 p.s.i. bounced 9 cm. On
trial two, it bounced 14 cm. On trial three, it bounced 9 cm.
It bounced an average of 10.66 cm.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
The ball achieved the greatest bounce at 5.5 p.s.i. for an
average of 43.66 cm. Therefore, I accept my hypothesis which
stated that a basketball will achieve the greatest bounce at
5.5 p.s.i.
V. APPLICATION:
I know now to inflate a basketball to 5.5 p.s.i. if I want it
to bounce high. I can share this information with the MMS P.E.
teachers and my sixth grade P.E. teacher.
TITLE: The Prevention of Oxidation
STUDENT RESEARCHER: Adam Henning
SCHOOL: Mandeville Middle School
Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE: 6
TEACHER: Ellen Marino, M.Ed.
I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:
I wanted to do a scientific research project on the prevention
of oxidation.
My first hypothesis stated that a steel wool pad soaked in
vinegar will rust the most and the fastest. My second
hypothesis stated that a steel wool pad soaked in soapy water
will not rust at all.
II. METHODOLOGY:
First, I stated my purpose, reviewed the literature on
oxidation, and stated my hypothesis. Then I developed a
methodology to test my hypothesis. Then I prepared six jars by
putting vinegar, vinegar and water, vinegar and soap,
soap, soap and water , and water in each jar. I then placed a
quartered steel wool pad in each jar. After soaking for ten
minutes, I removed each pad and placed them on separate paper
plates. Next, I covered each plate with a paper towel. After
five minutes, I removed the paper towel. For the next three
days, I observed the steel wool pads and recorded the amount of
rust on each pad on my data collection sheet. I then repeated
the process two more times. I then analyzed my data, wrote a
summary and conclusion, and applied my findings to the real
world. Lastly, I turned in my completed report with abstract
attached for publication.
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
On the first day of testing, the steel wool pad soaked in
vinegar was completely rusted. The steel wool pad soaked in
water had no rust. The steel wool pad soaked in soap was
mostly rusted. The steel wool pad soaked in water had no rust.
The steel wool pad soaked in soap and water was partially
rusted. The steel wool pad soaked in soap and vinegar was
mostly rusted.
On the second day of testing, the steel wool pad soaked in
vinegar was completely rusted. The steel wool pad soaked in
soap was mostly rusted. The steel wool pad soaked in soap and
water was mostly rusted. The steel wool pad soaked in water
and vinegar was completely rusted and the steel wool pad soaked
in water only had a little rust on it.
At the end of three days of testing, all the soap pads with
the exception of the one soaked in water were completely
rusted. The steel wool pad soaked in water only had a little
rust on it.
Trials two and three of this experiment were exactly the same
as trial one.
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
At the end of three days of testing for each trial, all the
steel wool pads except the pad soaked in water were completely
rusted. The pad soaked in water had only a little rust on it.
I accepted my first hypothesis which stated that a steel wool
pad soaked in vinegar will rust the most and the fastest. I
rejected my second hypothesis which stated that a steel wool
pad soaked in soapy water will not rust at all.
V. APPLICATION:
Knowing what materials cause steel wool to rust, I will be able
to keep some of my things made of steel away from these
substances. I can also share my results with my parents and
friends.
TITLE: The Release of Carbon Dioxide From Carbonated Drinks
STUDENT RESEARCHER: Brett Wadsworth
SCHOOL: Mandeville Middle
Mandeville, Louisiana
GRADE: 6
TEACHER: E. Marino, MED.
I. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS:
I wanted to do a scientific research project on the amount of
carbon dioxide Coke and Club Soda release. My hypothesis
states that Coke will release more carbon dioxide than Club
Soda when shaken several times.
II. METHODOLOGY;
First, I stated my purpose, reviewed the literature on
carbonation, and developed my hypothesis. Second, I opened a
bottle of Club Soda and quickly placed a balloon over the top
of the bottle. Then I shook the bottle 6 times. After the
carbon dioxide entered the balloon, I pinched the opening of
the balloon so the gas would not escape. I then filled up a
bucket of water and placed a tray under it. I pushed the
balloon down into the water until it was completely submerged
and my fingers were just above the water. After that I poured
into a measuring cup the water that over over-flowed into the
tray under the bucket. The amount of water in the tray is the
volume of the balloon. I repeated the steps 2 more times with
Club Soda and repeated the steps with Coke 3 times. I then
recorded my results on my data collection form. Next, I wrote
my analysis of data, summary and conclusion and applied my
findings to the world outside the classroom.
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA:
In the first trial with Coke, 149 ml. of carbon dioxide was
released. In the second trial, 125 ml. was released. In the
last trial, 200 ml. released. An average of 141 ml. of carbon
dioxide was released.
In the first trial with Club Soda, 275ml. of carbon dioxide was
released. In the second trial, 350 ml. was released. In the
final trial, 305 ml. was released. An average of 310 ml. of
carbon dioxide was released.
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
I found out that Club Soda releases more carbon dioxide than
Coke. Therefore, I reject my hypothesis which stated that Coke
would release more carbon dioxide than Club Soda.
VII. APPLICATION:
Club Soda has more carbon dioxide than Coke and therefore it
will fizz easily, and should provide better relief for acid
indigestion. I can share this information with my parents and
friends.
© 1995 John I. Swang, Ph.D.